Tag: Ethiopian land law

Model Land Lease Regulation

The House of People’s Representatives has enacted the controversial urban land proclamation No.721-2011 on January 2011. Even though the law is a Federal law, the power of implementation through subsidiary legislation is given to Regions and city administrations. According to article 33 of the proclamation, Regions and city administrations shall have the powers and duties to issue regulations and directives necessary for the implementation of the Proclamation. This being the case, the Ministry of Urban Development and Construction has prepared a model land lease regulation two months after the issuance of the proclamation. This document was submitted for discussion mainly in Addis Ababa, Dire Dawa and some regions.

The model land lease regulation is not a binding document. However, it is expected that it will significantly affect the subsequent regulations to be issued by Regions and city administrations. (I don’t have information whether they have already issued the regulation.)

The model land lease regulation is drafted only in Amharic. (This is a typical problem of subsidiary legislations in Ethiopia.) You can get the document from the official web site of the Ministry, but I advise you not to do so. There is some annoying advertisement displayed on each page of the document, telling you that the document was converted to pdf using an inactivated version certain software. For this reason, you will not be able to read at least two articles on each page. They are totally covered by this irritating advertisement. May be someone can help the Ministry by sending a pdf converter.

I have removed all the objects from the original document and now you can download the model land lease regulation from this blog.

Click HERE to download Final Land Lease Regulation

Click HERE to download the file from the original source.

A PROCLAMATION TO PROVIDE FOR LEASE HOLDING OF URBAN LANDS Proclamation No. 721

Proclamation No. 721/2004

A PROCLAMATION TO PROVIDE FOR LEASE HOLDING OF URBAN LANDS

 WHEREAS it is provided by Article 40 of the Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia that land is the property of the State and the people of Ethiopia and that its use shall be subject to specific regulation by law;

 WHEREAS the sustained rapid economic growth registered across sectors and regions in the country has steadily and exponentially increased the demand for urban land, and such development requires prudent and responsive land resources management;

 WHEREAS the prevalence of good governance is a foundational institutional requisite for the development of an efficient, effective, equitable and well functioning  land and landed property market, the sustenance of a robust free market economy and for building transparent and accountable land administration system that ensures the rights and obligations of the lessor and the lessee;

 NOW, THEREFORE, in accordance with sub-article 2(a) of Article 55 of the Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, it is herby proclaimed as follows:

1. Short Title

This Proclamation may be cited as the “Urban Lands Lease Holding Proclamation No.721/2004

2. Definitions

In this Proclamation unless the context otherwise requires:

1/ “lease” means a system of land tenure by which the use right of urban land is acquired under a contract of  a definite period;

2/ “urban land” means land located within an administrative boundary of an  urban center;

3/ “urban center” means any locality having a municipal administration or a population size of 2000 or more inhabitants of which at least 50% of its labor force is, primarily, engaged in non-agricultural activities;

4/ “region” means any state referred to under Article 47(1) of the Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia;

5/ “city administration” means the Addis Ababa City Administration or the Dire Dawa Administrative Council;

6/ “appropriate body” means a body of a region or a city administration vested with the power to administer and develop urban land;

7/ “public interest” means the use of land defined as such by the decision of  the appropriate body in conformity with urban plan in order to ensure the interest of the people to acquire direct or indirect benefits from the use of the land and to consolidate sustainable socio-economic development;

8/ “urban plan” means structural plan, local development plan or basic plan of an urban center including annexed descriptive documents which are  legally endorsed by the authorized body and have legally binding effect;

9/ “tender” means a modality of land use right transfer applied for  providing urban land on lease to the highest bidder on the basis of market and competitive parameters;

10/ “allotment” means a modality of land use right transfer applied for  providing urban lands by lease to institutions that could not be accommodated by way of tender;

11/  “lease benchmark price” means the threshold price determined by taking into account the cost of infrastructural development, demolition cost as well as compensation to be paid to displaced persons in case of built up areas, and other relevant factors;

12/  “grace period” means a time frame that a lessee is relieved from payment after effecting the advance payment and before the commencement of the annual lease payment;

13/ “construction start-up” means the construction of at least the foundation and erection  of  re-enforcement  bars  to  cast   columns  of the planned construction;

14/ “completion of foundation” means the construction phase whereby the building site is dug, reinforcement concrete is filled in and its floor is completed and erection of its first wall is started;

15/ “half-completion of construction” means:

a) in the case of a villa, completion of foundation, columns and top beam;

b) in the case of a multi-story building, completion of foundation and 50% of the total number of floor slabs;

c) in the case of a real estate development, completion of the construction phase referred to, as the case may be, in paragraph (a) or (b) of sub-article (1) of this Article relating to the entire blocks.

16/ “completion of construction” means the full completion of a building and installation of basic utilities in accordance with the plan and make it ready for use;

17/ “old possession” means a plot of land  legally acquired before the urban center entered into the leasehold system or a land provided as compensation in kind to persons evicted  from   old settlements;

18/ “manufacturing industry premise” means plots of  land reserved, developed or allotted, in accordance with the land use plan, for use of manufacturing industries;

19/ “mega real estate” means a housing development involving the construction of at least 1,000 residential units with a view to alleviating the shortage of housing in urban centers;

20/ “projects having especial national significance” means projects having outstanding contributions in the success of the country’s growth and transformation, or projects which, in the course of expanding the country’s cooperative relations with other governments, are intended to lay strong foundation for  the relations between the countries;

21/ “Ministry” means the Ministry of Urban Development and Construction;

22/ “person” means any natural or juridical person;

23/  any expression in the masculine gender includes the feminine.

  Continue reading A PROCLAMATION TO PROVIDE FOR LEASE HOLDING OF URBAN LANDS Proclamation No. 721

Ethiopian Urban Land Lease Law (the previous!)

Still I am not getting any good news about the publication of the newly adopted urban land lease law. I will be posting on this new law the moment I get access to it. The following material,  taken from Land Law Teaching Material, an official text book for all Ethiopian law schools, is a must-read to get a glimpse of the nature, content and scope of Ethiopian urban land lease law. It thoroughly discusses and analyses the Lease Holding of Urban Lands Proclamation No. 272/2002 (which is amended or may be totally repealed by the new law.)

The material is prepared by :

Daniel W/Gebriel

&

Melkamu Belache

Under the sponsorship of:

 Justice and Legal System Research Institute

The material (taken From Chapter Three) is presented here as it is.

3.4 Urban Land Lease

3.4.1 Scope

Today, in Ethiopia, lease is the “cardinal” and “exclusive” land-holding system to transfer urban land to users in accordance with the master plans of each urban area. Hence, unlike the housing sector, urban land is governed by a special legislation, namely, the Lease Holding of Urban Lands Proclamation No. 272/2002. And yet the civil code may be applied whenever necessary. The scope of application of the law is “to an urban land held by the permit system, or by lease-hold system or by other means prior” to the coming of the proclamation “as well as to an urban land permitted hereafter.” Continue reading Ethiopian Urban Land Lease Law (the previous!)

APPROPRIATION OF LAND FOR GOVERNMENT WORKS AND PAYMENT OF COMPENSATION FOR PROPERTY PROCLAMATION NO. 401-2004

PROCLAMATION NO. 401/2004.

A PROCLAMATION TO PROVIDE FOR

APPROPRIATION    OF    LAND    FOR GOVERNMENT WORKS AND PAYMENT OF COMPENSATION FOR PROPERTY

 

    WHEREAS, the government needs to use land for development works carried out the in the public interest;

    WHEREAS, it is necessary to improve procedures for appropriation of the required land and valuation of property for compensation;

    NOW, THEREFORE, in accordance with Article 55(1) of the Constitution of Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia it is hereby proclaimed as follows: Continue reading APPROPRIATION OF LAND FOR GOVERNMENT WORKS AND PAYMENT OF COMPENSATION FOR PROPERTY PROCLAMATION NO. 401-2004

Proclamation No. 130/ 2007 Proclamation to amend the proclamation No . 56/2002, 70/2003, 103/2005 of Oromia Rural Lan d Use and Administration

Proclamation No. 130/ 2007
Proclamation to amend the proclamation No . 56/2002, 70/2003, 103/2005 of Oromia Rural Lan d
Use and Administration

WHEREAS, Agriculture is the main source of livelihood to the majority of the population of Oromi a and proper management and utilization of land and land resources is required, in which, the present use doesn’t compromise the development endeavors of the coming generation ;
WHEREAS, it is found necessary to correct the distortions and miss-interpretation shown on irrigabl e land administration and management ;
WHEREAS, it is found important to solve and harmonize the problems encountered whil e implementing the existing proclamations regarding, rights, obligations and security of rural land .
NOW, THEREFORE, in accordance with the Revised Constitution of Oromia Regional State No . 46/1994 Article 49 (3) (a) , it is hereby proclaimed as follows :
PART ONE
GENERA L
1. Short Title
This proclamation may be cited as the “Proclamation to amend the Proclamation No . 56/2002, 70/2003, 103/2005 of Oromia Rural Land Use and Administration Proclamation No . 130 /2007”.
2, Definition
Unless and other wise the context requires, in this proclamation;
1) “Rural Land” refers to all land out side the boundary of a municipal holding .
2) “Irrigation Land” refers to potentially irrigable land or where irrigation scheme shall b e constructed upon agreement with the land users and concerned government organs to develo p the land;
3) “Land acquired by law” means land legally distributed by competent body, or transferred b y inheritance or donation .
4) “State holding” means rural land demarcated and those lands to be demarcated in the futur e which includes forest lands, sanctuaries and protected areas, state farms, mining areas, lakes , rivers and other rural lands .
5) “Communal Holding” refers rural land which the local community commonly uses for grazing , woodlots and other social purposes .
6) “Private Land Holding” refers to rural land in the holding of peasant or pastoralists or sem i pastoralists or other bodies who are entitled by law to use the land .
7) “Possession” refers the right of any peasant or pastoralist or semi pastoralist shall have to us e rural land for agricultural purposes and natural resources development, lease out and bequeat h to members of his family and includes the right to acquire property produced on his lan d
thereon by his labor or capital and to sale, exchange and bequeath same .
9) “Redistribution” refers to the reallocation of land that targets the holding/s/ of individual o r common holding which is applicable only to irrigation land .
10) “Rural Land use” means a process by which the rural land is sustainably used to give bette r outputs through proper management and conservation .
11) “Rural Land Administration” means a process whereby rural land tenure security is provided , land use planning is implemented , disputes and conflicts on land is resolved . and the rights and obligations of land holder are enforced and controlled and as well the land related data ar e collected and analyzed to be availed to users .
12) “Rural Land Use Plan” means a practice whereby the options that greater economic benefits without causing land degradation and environmental pollution are determined and implemente d from among the different use options a rural land can give on the basis of physical, economic and social information.
13) “A peasant” means any person to whom the right to use rural land is provided to earn th e livelihood for him and/or his family .
14) Pastoralists” refers to a member of rural community whose livelihood depends on livestock rearing and move from place to place in search of water and grazing land .
15) “Semi- pastoralist ” means a member of rural community whose livelihood depends mainly o n livestock rearing and to some extent on crop production .
16) “Family member” means children of the land holder or dependents who do not have othe r income for their livelihood .
17) “Fixed assets” means perennial plants that give yield seasonally .
18) “Modern Agriculture” means any farming system whereby modern farming technologies ar e applied for better economic development including irrigation and livestock production .
19) “Land information system” refers a system whereby rural land related information are collected , analyzed and be availed for the users .
20) “Land registration” means the process whereby information on the expression of rural land us e right and holding is gathered and analyzed.
21) “Holding certificate” refers to certificate of title issued by Oromia Bureau of Agriculture an d Rural Development as proof of rural land use right.
22) “Watershed” refers to catchment area from which the run-off flows into one direction/ out let .
23) “Mother tree” means a matured and physically good standing tree from which seed is collected .
3. Gender expression
The provisions of this proclamation set out for masculine gender shall also apply to the feminine gender.

4. Scopeof Application
This Proclamation shall apply to any rural land in the Oromia Regional State .
PART TW O
The Right to Acquire, Use and Guarantee to Use Rural Lan d
5. The Right to Acquire Rural Land
1) Any resident of the region, aged eighteen years and above, whose livelihood depends o n agriculture and/or wants to live on, have the right to get rural land free of charge .
2) Women have equal rights with men to possess, use and administer the rural land .
3) Government and non governmental organizations, private investors and social organization s have the right to get rural land .
4) The rural community has the right to access rural land for grazing; religious or ritual places, water points and other social services .
5) Any peasant, pastoralist or semi pastoralist having the right to use rural land may get rural lan d from his family by donation, inheritance or from government .
6. Land Use Rights
1) Any peasant or pastoralist, or semi pastoralists who has the right to use rural land shall have the right to use and lease on his holdings, transfer it to his family member and dispose propert y produced there on, and to sell, exchange and transfer the same without any time bound .
2) Without prejudice to this Article Sub-Article (1) selling of fixed assets like coffee, mango , avocado, papaya, orange etc, is prohibited .
3) Without prejudice to this Article Sub- Article (2), selling of products of fixed assets like produc t of coffee, mango, avocado, papaya, orange etc . shall be possible if and only if the followin g conditions are fulfilled :
(a) The land occupied by the product to be sold shall not exceed half of the total land holding o f the individual .
(b) The product shall be sold for three (3) years only .
4) According to this Article Sub-Article (3) any individual or organ who bought the property shal l be obliged :
(a) To return back the holding to the owner after three years .
(b) To take care of and conserve the asset accordingly .
5) Any peasant or pastoralist or semi pastoralist shall not be evicted from his holding and hi s holding shall not be transferred to any body or organization due to any liability or execution of
judgment.

6) In any condition the right to sell property specified under this Article, Sub-Article (1) doesn’ t include the land .
7) The use right of any peasant, pastoralist or semi pastoralists shall not be transferred because o f selling fixed assets, and the previous agreement made on this processes shall be treated in
accordance with this Article Sub-Article 3 (b).
8) Any individual or organ who bought houses and other buildings built on rural land shall b e obliged to take off his property.
9) Any mal land user who terminates the right of using his holding is obliged to notilyto the Agricultural and Rural Development Bureau of Oromia .
10) Without prejudice Sub- Article (1) of this Article, the rural land use right shall be terminate d only if that land is required for more important public uses .
11) According to this Article Sub-Article (10,) any individual or organ whose land holing is take n for public uses shall have the right to get compensation for his properties and benefits los t beforehand ; as much as possible, gets equivalent land individually or in group .
12) If not possible to replace in accordance with Sub-Article (11) of this Article, compensation fo r rehabilitation shall be paid .
13) Without prejudice to the condition under Article 7(1) of this Proclamation, considering th e number of their children they raise, husband and wife upon divorce shall have the right to shar e their land holding that was registered by their name equally .
14) Aged, disabled, orphans, and women, and also those in the same situation can use thei r holdings by hiring labour, renting, or entering an agreement to share income with a developer .
15) According to Sub-Article (14) this Article, if the agreement is for more than six months, th e agreement shall be in a written form shall be concluded before the Agricultural and Rura l
Development Bureau of Oromia .
16)Without prejudice Sub-Article (1) of this Article, any rural land user shall be deprived of hi s land use right under the following conditions : leaving the land unused for two consecutiv e years, leaving the holding on his own reason, or neglect conserving the land . The detail shall be decided by Oromia Agricultural and Rural Development Bureau .
7. Determination of Farm Plot Siz e
1) Maintaining the existing farm plot size as it is, the holding size for the future shall not be les s than 0 .5 hectares for annual crops, and 0 .25 hectares for perennial crops .
2) The plot size for new settlers shall take into consideration the average holding size of the community in that specific locality .
8. Consolidation of Farm Plots
The merging of farm plots shall be made based on the consensus and willingness ofthe holders.

9. Transferring Land Use Rights Through Inheritance or Donation of Lan d
1) Any peasant, pastoralist, or semi pastoralist landholder, shall have the right to transfer his land use right to his family member who have inheritance right according to the lava .
2) Without prejudice to Sub- Article (1) of this Article, heirs whose livelihood is entirely dependen t on the income from that land, or have no other income shall be given inheritance priority .
3) If the inheritance of land contradicts the provision specified in Article 7(1), the claimants shal l either jointly, or by any other means they agree upon use the land .
4) The government can distributed any land for which no heir is found, to the landless or to land deficit peasants.
5) Any peasant or pastoralist or semi pastoralist shall have the right to transfer his land use right t o his family members or children whose livelihood depends on it, or have no other income, or to his children who have no other incomes or are landless as a gift .
10. Rentingof PrivateHolding
1) Without prejudice to Article 7(1) any peasant, pastoralist or semi pastoralist has the right t o rent out up to half of his holding .
2) Duration of the agreement shall not be more than three years for those who apply traditiona l farming, and fifteen years for mechanized farming .
3) Land renting shall be valid before the law, if and only if it is registered and approval b y Oromia Agricultural and Rural development Bureau . The agreetnents made prior to thi s Proclamation shall be treated according to this proclamation.
4) Necessary support shall be made to make the valuation of land for renting coincide with th e prospective return from that land .
S) Any organ who rented rural land is obliged to apply proper preservation and conservation for the duration he holds the land .
6) Any agreement made on land renting shall bear the consent of all individuals who have right s on that land.
7) For any rented land, the land tax shall be paid by the name of the landholder .
8) Any land holder, having the right to use land, can make special agreement with any investor to develop his holding . The agreement shall be registered and approved by Agricultural and Rural development office in the vicinity .
11 . Land RentingbyGovernment
1) The government can rent out the land not held by the peasants or pastoralists or semi pastoralists .
2) The agreement to be made by Sub-Article 1 of this Article shall protect the benefits of th e peasants, pastoralists or semi pastoralists .
3) The renting price of rural land by government shall be subject to revision as necessary .
4) Theduration oftherenting agteementshall be decided by the government . 12 . Investment Lan d
1) In accordance with the existing investment law of the Region, any private investor shall hav e access to rural land and is obliged to conserve accordingly.

2) Private investors are obliged to plant indigenous trees at least on 2% of the given land .
3) The investment land shall be determined in the way that it shall protect the natural recourses o f the surrounding.
13. Land for Social Services
1) The community has the right to reserve land for residence and other social service s
2) Land can be used for establishing a village or urbanization by the consent of the community on substituting equivalent land or paying compensation to the holders.
14. Distribution and Redistribution of Lan d
1)Redistribution of peasant or pastoralist or semi pastoralist’s land holding shall not be carrie d out in the region, except irrigation land .
2)Unoccupied pockets of agricultural lands may be distributed to the landless and land defici t persons.
3)By the virtue of their comparative advantages. abandoned state farms shall be distributed t o the peasants and/or be rented out to investors.
4)For proper utilization of irrigation land and water resource, irrigation land shall be distributed/redistributed as follows;
(a) A maximum holding size of irrigation land of a peasant household shall not exceed 0 .5 hectare.
(b) “The distribution and redistribution” of irrigation land shall be applied to both traditiona l and modern irrigation lands; but, irrigation lands used by individual or group of farmers by developing spring water, diverting small rivers, water harvesting shall not b e redistributed. The details shall be determined by regulation .
(c) The distribution and redistribution of irrigation land shall take place with the participation and decision of the community using the land .
(d) Giving priority consideration of retaining the maximum holding size of 0.5 hectare for each holder whose land have fallen under irrigation development, and later from the remaining land a minimum holding size of 0 .25 hectare of land shall be distributed for peasants in the vicinity of the.
(e) Any peasant, pastoralist and semi pastoralist whose irrigable land holding is redistribute d to others shall be compensated with a reasonable rain fed land by the users of the
schemes. If compensation is not possible the land holder shall have the right to get additional half (0.5) hectare from the irrigable land .
(f) Any peasant, pastoralist and semi pastoralist whose holding falls under irrigatio n construction and if the landscape compels, is obliged to permit his holding . However, the land holder has the right to claim for compensation or replacement of land .
(g) Any Land user whose holding fall under dams, shall be compensated for his propertie s and given replacement of land by the users of the schemes or from government .
(h) Any irrigation land user shall be obliged to fully and effectively utalize and conserve the land.
(i) All irrigation land users shall be responsible to minimize and mitigate the negative environmental impacts associated with irrigation scheme

15. Rural Land Measurement, Registration and Holding Certificatio n
1) The size of rural lands under the holdings of private, communities, governmental and nongovernmental organizations shall be measured in accordance with their size, land use, an d fertility status and also, shall be registered by the data centers established highrarchicaly .
2)The rural land holdings described in Sub-Article 1 of this Article shall be surveyed with geo-referenced boundaries and maps shall be prepared by Oromia Agricultural and Rural
Development Bureau .
3)Rural land holding data including the current holder, its boundaries, status, potentials, th e right and obligation of the holder shall be registered by Oromia Agricultural and Rura l
Development Bureau and be availed for utilization.
4)Any holder of rural land shall be given a holding certificate by Oromia Agricultural and Rura l Development Bureau describing the size of holding. use and coverage, fertility status an d boundary, and also the right and obligation of the holder .
5)Any rural land that is held by lease or rent shall be registered by Agricultural and Rura l Development Bureau of Oromia.
6) Any rural land holder shall be given a life time certificate of holding .
7) Governmental, non-governmental organizations, investors and social organizations shall ge t certificate on their holdings .
8)Husband and wife holding a common land holding, shall be given a joint certificate of holdin g specifying both their names.
9)Without prejudice to Sub-Article 8 of this Article, husband and wife having equal right i n using the land registered in their names can also independently have a holding certificate fo r
their private holdings . The detail shall be decided by a regulation .
10)The use right of a husband or a wife, or both shall not be affected due to change of thei r residential areas .
11)Any person who has the right to use rural land is obliged to return the holding certificate t o Agricultural and Rural Development Bureau up on leaving to use the land .
12) Whenever the use right of rural land is change, the holding certificate shall be changed to th e new acquiring body accordingly.
13)According to Article 10(2) of this proclamation when the private holding is rented out, th e holding certificate shall be held by the holder .
14)Any person who is found using the land not given to him legally shall be obliged to leave th e land with out any condition and also be subject to penalty in accordance with the law .
15)An investor who has got the use right of rural land through lease or renting from governmen t shall use the right of his assets on the land as collateral .
16) Any one (governmental or non governmental organization or community etc .) who has th e right to use rural land shall be given a holding certificate by their name, whereas for th e communal lands held in the Kebele, the holding certificate shall be given by the name of the community using the land jointly . The details shall be worked out by Oromia Agricultura l and Rural Development Bureau .

16. Conflict and Dispute Resolutio n
1) Any conflict or disputes arising on land shall be resolved as follow :
(a) First application shall be submitted to the local Kebele Administration .
(b) The parties shall elect two arbitrary elders each.
(c) Chairpersons of arbitration elders are elected by the parties or by the arbitral elders, if no t agreed up on shall be assigned by local Kebele administrator .
(d) The Kebele Administration to whom the application is lodged shall cause the arbitrar y elders to produce the result of the arbiteratio15 days .
(e) The result of given by the arbitration shall be registered at the Kebele Administration, an d a copy with an official seal shall be given to both parties .
(f) A Party who has complaint on the rating elders, has the right to institute his case to the woreda court attaching the result of arbitration elders within 30 days as of the date registered by the Kebele Administration.
(g) Woreda court should not receive the suit if the result given by the arbitration is not attached t o it.
(h) The party dissatisfied by the decision given by the woreda court shall have the right to appeal to th e high court .
(i) If the high court altered the decision rendered by the woreda court, the dissatisfied part y may appeal to the Supreme Court .
(j) The decision given by the Supreme Court shall be the final .
2) Not withstanding the provision described Sub-Article 1 of this Article, the parties shall hav e the right to resolve their cases in any form they agreed upon .
17. Pending Cases
1) Pending cases at Kebele Social Court shall be resolved according Article 16 of thi s Proclamation.
2) Pending cases at woreda and other courts shall continue as it is .

                                              PART THREE
Restrictions on Rural Land Use Planning and Conservatio n
18. Land Use Planning and Use of Sloppv and Gully Land s
1) A guiding land use master plan, which takes in to account soil type, landscape, weathe r conditions, vegetation cover and socio—economic conditions at watershed based approach ,
shall be developed and implemented by the Oromia Agricultural and Rural Developmen t
Bureau.
2) An equitable water use system shall be established between upper and lower watershe d communities.
3) In any type of rural land where soil and water conservation works have been undertaken, free grazing shall be prohibited and the condition in which the society utilize will be made step by step.

4) If the slope of the land is less than 30 – 60% its management shall follow the strategy of soi l conservation and water harvesting techniques .
5) Growing annual crops on coral lands having a slope gradient of 30-60% may be allowed onl y through the necessary terracing.
6) The rural land with a slope gradient of >60% shall not be used for crop production and fre e grazing and is limited to production of perennial and forage crops only .
7) Rural land of any’ slope which is highly degraded shall be closed from human and animal interferences for a given period of time to let it recover, and shall be used when ascertained that it has recovered Unless and otherwise the degradation is not caused by negligence, th e users – the peasant, pastoralists and semi pastoralists- shall be given compensation or other alternatives for the interim period .
8) Rural lands that have gullies, shall be put to rehabilitate and use by private and neighborin g holders and, as appropriate, by the local community, using biological and physica l
conservation works .
9) Rural lands that have gullies and are located on hilly areas shall be rehabilitated and develope d communally, and privately individuals as necessary .
10) The biodiversity in rural wetland shall be conserved and utilized in accordance with a suitabl e land use strategy as necessary .
19. Conservation of Farmlan d
1) Any rural land user who has got the use right shall be obliged to work on proper management and conservation of land individually and in cooperation with his neighbors .
2) Any individual who is entitled to use rural land shall be obliged to mange and conserve farm land boundary.
3) Any rural land user shall be obliged not to perform activities that aggravate soil erosion, like forest clearing, cultivating along the slope and unplanned design of traditional drainag e systems etc.
4) Any rural land user shall be obliged to plant tree species that can’t cause any damage o n agricultural land and production and those having economical and environmental advantages .
20. Wetland Managemen t
1) Rural land users are obliged to refrain from performing activities that cause damage to th e wetlands and springs .
2) Mismanagement and improper utilization of wetland is prohibited .
3) The wetland shall be used for agricultural purposes, with the consent of the community an d technical support of professionals.
21. Dams and Reservoir Area s
1)Any land user is obliged to rehabilitate and undertake conservation activities on the catchmen t areas of dam sites and reservoirs .
2)Rural land use in the vicinity of lakes, streams and springs that can cause devastation o f natural resources and biodiversities are prohibited.

22 . Protected and Demarcated Land
I) The government can demarcate and hold wildlife sanctuaries, parks, forest areas, minin g areas and lakes, etc necessary for the existence of many living things .
2)As per Sub-Article 1 of this Article, the demarcated areas shall be made to contribute for a sustainable economic development .
3)Delineation, demarcation, development, protection and rehabilitation and conservation o f protected land shall be done by the participation of the local community .
4)The condition by which the local community may share the benefit from the protected area s shall be arranged.
23. Patches of Forest Lan d
Patches of natural forest lands shall be identified, demarcated, protected, conserved, an d sustainably used by the local community .
24. Management of Remnant Mother Tree s
Land users are obliged to conserve and protect mother trees found on their holdings .

25. Mismanagement and Improper Utilization of Land
1) Any land user is obliged not to plant tree species that can cause damage on agricultural production o r water sources, and shall also be obliged to eradicate noxious weeds from his holdings .
2) Any rural land user, using land for agricultural development is obliged to conserve, preserve , renew soil and water conservation structures, and if not done, construct a new .
3) Any entity engaged in mining development and production shall be obliged to rehabilitate an d develop the mined land .
4) A directive for the proper utilization and conservation of unoccupied hills, degraded and unproductive lands, slid easily, sloppy and mountainous areas shall be drawn .
5) Forest lands, bushes and grass, gullies, shall be protected from fire hazards, expansion of far m lands and also production of coal .
6) Livestock production shall be made to harmonize with the carrying capacity of the grazing land .
7) Grazing farm lands and natural resources in development areas is prohibited .
PART FOUR Miscellaneouss Provision s
26.Responsibility of Oromia Agricultural and Rural Development Burea u
Oromia Agricultural Rural and Development Bureau is responsible for the execution of thi s proclamation .
27. Penaltv
Any land user who violates the provisions in this proclamation or regulations issued for th e implementation of this proclamation shall be tried under the applicable law .

28. Obligation to Cooperate
Any person shall be obliged to cooperate with the relevant bodies for the implementation of thi s proclamation .
29. Responsibility of the Regio n
Oromia Regional Council shall issue the necessary regulations for the implementation of thi s
Proclamation .
30. Repealed and Inapplicable Law s
1) Rural Land Administration and Use Proclamations No . 56/2002, No. 70/2003 and 103/2005 are repealed and replaced by this Proclamation .
2) Any law and practice inconsistent with this proclamation shall be null and void .
31. Effective Date
This proclamation shall enter into force as of 29t h date of July, 2007.
Done at Finfinee, this 29 1″ July, 200 7
Abadula Gemeda
President of Oromia National Regional State